Hip dysplasia is a common and often debilitating condition that affects the hip joints of dogs. It is particularly prevalent in certain breeds, and without early detection and appropriate treatment it can lead to significant pain and mobility issues. This article aims to educate dog owners and breeders in the UK about the nature of hip dysplasia, how to recognise its symptoms, the various methods of diagnosis and treatment, and ways to manage and prevent this condition.

What is Hip Dysplasia?
Hip dysplasia is a skeletal condition that occurs when the hip joint does not develop properly, leading to instability and degeneration over time. In a healthy hip, the femoral head (the ball) fits snugly into the acetabulum (the socket). In dogs with hip dysplasia, this fit is abnormal, causing the joint to become loose and leading to pain and arthritis.
To understand hip dysplasia, it’s helpful to compare the anatomy of a normal hip joint with that of a dysplastic hip. A normal hip joint functions like a ball-and-socket, where the ball (femoral head) rotates smoothly within the socket (acetabulum). In hip dysplasia, this alignment is disrupted, causing friction and wear on the joint surfaces. This abnormal movement can result in damage to the cartilage and surrounding tissues, leading to the development of osteoarthritis.

Hip dysplasia is one of the most common orthopedic conditions in dogs, particularly affecting larger breeds such as German Shepherds, Labrador Retrievers, and Golden Retrievers. Mixed-breed dogs can also be affected, especially if they have ancestry from susceptible breeds. The condition is less common in smaller breeds but can still occur.
Causes and Contributing Factors
There are several factors that can lead to a dog developing hip dysplasia. Research shows that genetics is a large factor for predisposition, and that excessive growth rate, nutrition, physical activity and the environment can all be contributing factors.
Genetics
Genetics play a significant role in the development of hip dysplasia. The condition is hereditary, meaning it is passed down from parents to their offspring. Certain breeds are more predisposed to hip dysplasia due to their genetic makeup. For example, German Shepherds, Labrador Retrievers, and Golden Retrievers have higher incidences of the condition. Responsible breeding practices, including the use of the BVA/KC Hip Scoring Scheme, are essential to help minimise the genetic risk.
Growth Rates
Rapid growth in puppies, especially those of larger breeds, can contribute to hip dysplasia. When puppies grow too quickly, their bones may not develop properly, leading to joint instability and abnormal hip formation. Controlled growth through proper diet and nutrition can help mitigate this risk.
Diet and Nutrition
Diet and nutrition significantly impact the development and progression of hip dysplasia. Overfeeding and excessive calorie intake can lead to rapid weight gain and obesity, which put additional stress on developing joints. A balanced diet tailored to the specific needs of growing puppies can help ensure steady and healthy growth, reducing the risk of joint issues.
Physical Activity
The level and type of physical activity also influence the development of hip dysplasia. Both excessive exercise and lack of exercise can be detrimental. High-impact activities or strenuous exercise at a young age can damage developing joints, while insufficient exercise can lead to poor muscle development and joint support. It is important to provide moderate, age-appropriate exercise to maintain healthy joints and muscles.
Environmental Factors
Various environmental factors can contribute to the development and exacerbation of hip dysplasia. Slippery flooring, for example, can cause dogs to slip and strain their joints, leading to or worsening hip dysplasia. Additionally, maintaining a healthy weight throughout a dog’s life is crucial, as excess weight puts additional strain on the hips and can accelerate joint degeneration.
By understanding and addressing these causes and contributing factors, dog owners and breeders can take proactive steps to reduce the risk of hip dysplasia and promote healthier, happier lives for their dogs.
Symptoms
Detecting hip dysplasia early can significantly improve a dog’s quality of life through timely intervention. In puppies and young dogs, early signs of hip dysplasia might include:
- Decreased Activity: Reluctance to play or engage in physical activities.
- Difficulty Rising: Trouble getting up from a lying or sitting position.
- Lameness: Intermittent or persistent lameness in the hind legs.
- Swaying Gait: A noticeable swaying or “bunny hopping” gait when running.
As hip dysplasia progresses, the symptoms become more pronounced and can severely impact a dog’s mobility and comfort. In older dogs, you might observe:
- Severe Pain: Observable discomfort or vocalisation when moving or being touched near the hips.
- Stiffness: Stiffness in the hind legs, particularly after rest or exercise.
- Reduced Range of Motion: Limited movement in the hip joints.
- Muscle Atrophy: Loss of muscle mass in the hindquarters due to reduced activity.
- Swelling: Swelling around the hip joint area.
Dogs with hip dysplasia may exhibit behavioral changes due to chronic pain and discomfort. These can include:
- Irritability: Increased irritability or aggression when touched or moved.
- Avoidance: Avoiding activities that were previously enjoyed, such as climbing stairs or jumping.
- Restlessness: Frequent changing of positions when lying down to find a comfortable spot.
However, it should be noted that dogs exhibit symptoms differently. Some with severe hip dysplasia may exhibit no symptoms, while others with a milder case can show lameness and limb problems.
Methods of Diagnosis
The first step in diagnosing hip dysplasia is a thorough veterinary examination. During this exam, the vet will first gather a detailed medical history, including any signs of pain or lameness, the dog’s activity level, and any previous injuries. They will then perform a physical examination to assess the dog’s gait, range of motion in the hips, and any pain or discomfort during manipulation of the joints.
For puppies and young dogs up to the age of 11 months physical tests can help in diagnosing hip dysplasia by assessing joint laxity and stability. The Ortolani test involves manipulating the dog’s leg to check for a palpable “clunk,” which indicates a loose hip joint. It is typically performed under sedation or anesthesia to avoid discomfort and get accurate results. There is also the Barlow test, which is similar to the Ortolani test, the Barlow test checks for hip instability by pushing the femoral head out of the acetabulum.
For dogs aged 12 months and older, X-rays (Radiographs) are the most common and effective method for diagnosing hip dysplasia. X-rays provide detailed images of the hip joints, allowing the vet to see abnormalities in the shape and fit of the femoral head and acetabulum.
Hip Scoring Scheme
The British Veterinary Association (BVA) and The Kennel Club (KC) have developed a joint Hip Scoring Scheme to assess and grade the hip joints of dogs, particularly those used for breeding. This scheme is an essential tool in identifying dogs that are more likely to develop hip dysplasia and in promoting responsible breeding practices.
The scheme involves taking radiographs (X-rays) of a dog’s hips, which are then evaluated by a panel of experts. These radiographs are carefully examined for various anatomical features, including the shape and fit of the femoral head in the acetabulum, the presence of any abnormalities or signs of degeneration, and the overall condition of the joint.
Each hip is scored separately, with points assigned based on the degree of abnormality observed. The scores for both hips are then combined to give a total score, which can range from 0 (perfectly healthy hips) to 106 (severely dysplastic hips). Lower scores indicate better hip health, and dogs with lower scores are preferred for breeding to help reduce the prevalence of hip dysplasia in future generations.
For breeders, using the Hip Scoring Scheme is crucial for making informed breeding decisions. By selecting dogs with lower hip scores, breeders can help ensure that their puppies have a lower risk of developing hip dysplasia. For dog owners, particularly those looking to purchase a puppy, understanding the hip scores of the puppy’s parents can provide insight into the potential health of their new companion.
The BVA/KC Hip Scoring Scheme is a valuable resource in the fight against hip dysplasia, promoting healthier breeding practices and helping to improve the overall well-being of dogs.
Treatment Options
By exploring and implementing the following treatment options, dog owners can effectively manage hip dysplasia and enhance their dog’s quality of life. Consulting with a veterinarian is essential to determine the best treatment plan for each individual dog.
Conservative Management
Conservative management focuses on alleviating symptoms and improving the dog’s quality of life without surgery. It includes:
- Weight Control: Maintaining a healthy weight to reduce stress on the hip joints. This can involve a balanced diet and controlled feeding portions.
- Exercise Modification: Implementing a tailored exercise regimen that includes low-impact activities such as swimming and controlled leash walks. Avoid high-impact activities that could exacerbate the condition.
- Physical Therapy: Engaging in physical therapy exercises that enhance joint mobility, strengthen muscles, and reduce pain. Techniques may include hydrotherapy and laser therapy.
Supplements
This list is of some common joint supplements that can help manage the symptoms of hip dysplasia in dogs:
Always consult with your veterinarian before starting any new supplements to ensure they are appropriate for your dog’s specific needs and health condition. Follow the recommended dosage instructions provided by the supplement manufacturer or your veterinarian. Keep an eye on your dog for any potential side effects, such as gastrointestinal upset, and report them to your vet.
- Glucosamine and Chondroitin. These supplements work together to reduce inflammation, improve joint lubrication, and slow the progression of cartilage degradation.
- Omega-3 fatty acids, particularly EPA and DHA, have strong anti-inflammatory properties. They can help reduce joint inflammation and pain, improving mobility and overall joint health.
- MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane) is a natural anti-inflammatory and pain reliever. It supports joint health by reducing inflammation and promoting the healing of connective tissues.
- Hyaluronic acid is a component of synovial fluid, which lubricates the joints. It helps improve joint function and reduce pain associated with hip dysplasia.
- Green-Lipped Mussel Extract. This extract is rich in omega-3 fatty acids, glycosaminoglycans, and other nutrients that support joint health. It has anti-inflammatory properties and helps reduce pain and improve mobility.
- Turmeric contains curcumin, a powerful anti-inflammatory compound. It can help reduce pain and inflammation associated with hip dysplasia. It is often given in combination with black pepper extract (piperine) to enhance absorption.
- Cannabidiol (CBD) oil has gained popularity for its anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving properties. It can help manage chronic pain and improve the quality of life for dogs with hip dysplasia.
- Vitamin C is an antioxidant that supports collagen production, which is essential for joint health. It can help protect joint tissues from oxidative damage.
Medical Treatments
Several medications and supplements can help manage the symptoms of hip dysplasia:
- Pain Relief Medications: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and other pain relief medications prescribed by a vet can help manage pain and inflammation.
- Joint Supplements: Supplements containing glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, and omega-3 fatty acids can support joint health and reduce inflammation.
- Corticosteroids: In some cases, corticosteroids may be prescribed to manage severe inflammation and pain, although they are generally used short-term due to potential side effects.
Surgical Options
Surgical intervention may be necessary for dogs with severe hip dysplasia that do not respond to conservative treatments. Surgical options include:
- Triple Pelvic Osteotomy (TPO): This procedure is typically performed on young dogs with early hip dysplasia. It involves cutting the pelvic bones to improve the alignment of the hip joint.
- Femoral Head Ostectomy (FHO): This surgery involves removing the femoral head, allowing a false joint to form. It is usually considered for small to medium-sized dogs and can provide significant pain relief.
- Total Hip Replacement (THR): THR involves replacing the damaged hip joint with an artificial one. It is considered the most effective surgical option for severe cases and can restore near-normal function to the hip joint.
- Juvenile Pubic Symphysiodesis (JPS): A preventive surgery for very young puppies that involves altering the growth of the pelvis to improve hip conformation.
Prognosis
The prognosis for dogs with hip dysplasia varies depending on the severity of the condition and the chosen treatment approach:
- Conservative Management: Many dogs respond well to conservative treatments and can lead comfortable lives with proper management.
- Surgical Options: Surgical treatments can provide significant pain relief and improved mobility. The success rate for procedures like THR is generally high, with many dogs regaining normal or near-normal function.
What to Ask Your Vet If You Suspect Hip Dysplasia
When you suspect your dog may have hip dysplasia, it’s important to have a thorough discussion with your veterinarian to understand the condition, diagnostic options, and treatment plans. Here are some key questions to ask your vet:
Diagnostic Questions
- What are the signs of hip dysplasia that I should look out for? Understanding the symptoms will help you monitor your dog’s condition more effectively.
- What diagnostic tests will be performed to confirm hip dysplasia? Inquire about the types of tests (e.g., physical examination, X-rays) and what they involve.
- Can you explain the BVA/KC Hip Scoring Scheme and its relevance to my dog’s diagnosis? Understanding the scoring system can help you grasp the severity of the condition and implications for treatment.
- How will you determine the severity of my dog’s hip dysplasia? Learn about the criteria used to assess the condition’s severity and how it influences treatment options.
Treatment Questions
- What are the treatment options available for my dog’s hip dysplasia? Get a comprehensive overview of both conservative management and surgical options.
- What are the pros and cons of each treatment option? Understanding the benefits and potential risks of each treatment can help you make an informed decision.
- What is the expected outcome for each treatment option? Discuss the prognosis for each treatment to set realistic expectations.
- Are there any new or emerging treatments for hip dysplasia? Stay informed about the latest advancements in treatment options.
Management Questions
- What lifestyle changes can help manage my dog’s condition? Learn about modifications in diet, exercise, and daily activities that can support your dog’s health.
- Are there any supplements that you recommend for joint health? Inquire about beneficial supplements like glucosamine, chondroitin, and omega-3 fatty acids.
- How often should my dog have check-ups to monitor their condition? Regular vet visits are crucial for ongoing management and adjusting treatment as needed.
Long-Term Care Questions
- What signs of pain or discomfort should I watch for as my dog ages? Recognizing early signs of pain can lead to timely intervention and better management.
- What can I do to improve my dog’s quality of life? Discuss strategies to enhance comfort and mobility, such as physical therapy and pain management.
- How can I prevent hip dysplasia in future pets? If you are a breeder or plan to get another dog, ask about preventive measures and responsible breeding practices.
Financial Considerations
- What are the estimated costs for diagnosing and treating hip dysplasia? Understanding the financial aspects can help you plan and manage expenses.
- Are there any payment plans or insurance options available for treatment? Explore financial assistance options to ensure your dog gets the necessary care.
By asking these questions, you can gather essential information to make informed decisions about your dog’s health and well-being, ensuring the best possible care for a dog with hip dysplasia.
Preventative Measures
Breeding Practices
Preventing hip dysplasia begins with responsible breeding practices. Breeders can take the following steps to reduce the incidence of hip dysplasia:
- Genetic Screening: Use the BVA/KC Hip Scoring Scheme to evaluate the hip health of breeding dogs. Select dogs with low hip scores to minimize the risk of passing on the condition.
- Breeding Decisions: Avoid breeding dogs that have a history of hip dysplasia or high hip scores. Prioritize breeding pairs that have demonstrated healthy hip conformation and low hip scores.
- Breed-Specific Guidelines: Follow breed-specific guidelines and recommendations from breed clubs and veterinary associations to ensure responsible breeding practices.
Puppy Care
Proper care during a puppy’s developmental stages can significantly reduce the risk of developing hip dysplasia:
- Balanced Diet: Provide a nutritionally balanced diet appropriate for the puppy’s breed, size, and growth rate. Avoid overfeeding and excessive calorie intake to prevent rapid growth and obesity.
- Controlled Exercise: Implement a controlled exercise regimen that avoids high-impact activities. Encourage safe, moderate play and avoid activities that strain developing joints.
- Environmental Considerations: Ensure that puppies have a safe and non-slippery environment to move and play in, reducing the risk of joint injuries.
Weight Management
Maintaining a healthy weight throughout a dog’s life is crucial for preventing hip dysplasia and other joint issues:
- Regular Monitoring: Regularly monitor your dog’s weight and body condition. Adjust their diet and exercise routine as needed to maintain a healthy weight.
- Dietary Adjustments: Provide a balanced diet that meets your dog’s nutritional needs without leading to weight gain. Consult with a veterinarian to choose the appropriate food and portion sizes.
- Exercise Routine: Ensure your dog gets regular, appropriate exercise to maintain muscle tone and support joint health. Focus on low-impact activities such as swimming and walking.
By implementing these preventative measures, dog owners and breeders can significantly reduce the risk of hip dysplasia and promote healthier, happier lives for their dogs. Proactive care and responsible breeding are key to managing and preventing this common orthopedic condition.
Questions and Considerations
Questions or Views to Consider
Ethical Considerations
- Breeding Ethics: Is it ethical to breed dogs known to carry a high risk of hip dysplasia? Responsible breeding practices are essential to reduce the incidence of hip dysplasia. Breeders should prioritize the health and welfare of the dogs over profit or show success.
- Genetic Testing: Should genetic screening be mandatory for breeds prone to hip dysplasia? This could help reduce the incidence of the condition but might also raise costs and limit breeding options.
Owner’s Role
- Proactive Care: How proactive should owners be in monitoring and managing their dog’s joint health? Regular vet check-ups, weight management, and appropriate exercise are crucial.
- Decision-Making: What are the key considerations for owners when deciding on treatment options? Factors include the severity of the condition, the dog’s age and overall health, financial costs, and expected outcomes.
Quality of Life
- Balancing Treatment and Comfort: How do you balance the benefits of treatment with the dog’s quality of life? Owners must weigh the invasiveness and potential stress of treatments against the relief and improvement in mobility they offer.
- Long-Term Management: What are the best practices for managing a dog with hip dysplasia long-term? Continuous management strategies, including pain relief, physiotherapy, and lifestyle adjustments, can greatly enhance a dog’s quality of life.
Future Research
- Emerging Treatments: What new treatments or advances in veterinary medicine are on the horizon for hip dysplasia? Staying informed about the latest research and developments can help owners and vets choose the best treatment plans.
- Genetic Research: How is ongoing genetic research likely to impact the prevention and treatment of hip dysplasia? Advances in understanding the genetic basis of the condition could lead to more effective screening and prevention strategies.
These questions and views provide a broader perspective on hip dysplasia, encouraging dog owners, breeders, and veterinarians to consider the ethical implications, the importance of proactive care, the balance between treatment and quality of life, and the potential benefits of future research. Engaging with these considerations helps ensure a comprehensive and compassionate approach to managing hip dysplasia in dogs.
Conclusion
Hip dysplasia is a common and challenging condition that can significantly impact a dog’s quality of life. Understanding its causes, symptoms, and treatment options is crucial for dog owners, breeders, and veterinarians. Through proactive management, responsible breeding practices, and informed veterinary care, it is possible to reduce the incidence of hip dysplasia and improve the lives of affected dogs.
Early detection and intervention are key to managing hip dysplasia effectively. Regular veterinary check-ups, weight management, appropriate exercise, and the use of joint supplements can help alleviate symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. In severe cases, surgical options like total hip replacement can offer significant relief and restore mobility.
Breeders play a vital role in reducing the prevalence of hip dysplasia by utilizing tools like the BVA/KC Hip Scoring Scheme and making informed breeding decisions. By prioritizing the health and welfare of their breeding dogs, they can help ensure healthier future generations.
Dog owners should maintain an open line of communication with their veterinarians, asking pertinent questions and seeking advice on the best care strategies for their pets. Awareness and education about hip dysplasia can empower owners to make decisions that enhance their dogs’ quality of life.
Ultimately, the collective efforts of owners, breeders, and veterinarians can make a substantial difference in managing and preventing hip dysplasia. By staying informed and proactive, we can provide our canine companions with the best possible care, ensuring they lead happy, healthy, and active lives.